Robert J. Shapiro is the chairman of Sonecon, a private firm that advises U.S. and foreign businesses, governments, and nonprofit organizations. He is a Senior Adviser at the Milken Institute, Senior Fellow at the Georgetown School of Business, a board director of Beyond, Inc. and Xockets, Inc., and an advisory board member of Cote Capital. Dr. Shapiro has advised Presidents Bill Clinton, Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, UK Foreign Minister David Miliband, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Treasury Secretaries Robert Rubin and Timothy Geithner, and other senior members of the Clinton, Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations and the governments of Japan, India, Italy, and Mongolia. Dr. Shapiro also has advised senior executives of AT&T, Exxon Mobil, Google, Gilead Sciences, Microsoft, Nasdaq, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, and the Bank of England. Dr. Shapiro served as Under-Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs from 1997 to 2001. Prior to that, he co-founded the Progressive Policy Institute and was legislative director for Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan. He was principal economic advisor to Bill Clinton in his presidential campaign and senior economic advisor to the campaigns of Al Gore, John Kerry, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Joseph Biden. Dr. Shapiro served as a fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, Harvard University, and the Brookings Institution. He holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University, a M.Sc. from the London School of Economics, and an A.B. from the University of Chicago.