This paper provides an economic and historical analysis of the factors driving the key challenges facing UK regional economic opportunity and mobility. To address the challenges, the report presents a series of key areas for assessment and action at the national level, based on the history of UK national policy actions, as well as key areas of success and comparative advantages held by different UK regions, especially relative to London. Key points are also based on conversations with UK stakeholders at the national and regional levels, from the public and private sectors, and from academia. These recommendations are intended to foster action and collaboration by all parties involved at national and local levels and in both public and private spheres.